Journal of Marine Electrical and Electronic Technology

Parameter Identification and Block Diagram Reduction of DC BN12-13AF Motor in Electric Control System Application

Edwardo Pratenta Ginting — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate modeling of DC motors plays a crucial role in the development of reliable and responsive electric control systems, especially in industrial automation and embedded applications. This paper presents a detailed modeling approach for the DC motor ElectroCraft DC BN12-13AF, focusing on parameter identification and block diagram reduction for control system design purposes. The modeling process begins with the formulation of electrical and mechanical differential equations based on Kirchhoff’s law and Newton’s second law of motion. These equations are then transformed into the Laplace domain to obtain the motor’s transfer function, representing the system’s input-output dynamics. Key motor parameters such as armature resistance, inductance, torque constant, back-EMF constant, and moment of inertia are derived through a combination of datasheet specifications and analytical calculations. The integration of both electrical and mechanical models results in an electromechanical model that captures the essential behavior of the motor under various load and input conditions. To simplify the control system analysis, block diagram reduction techniques are employed, enabling the transformation of complex systems into manageable control structures. The proposed models are validated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations in both open-loop and closed-loop scenarios. The time response characteristics—including rise time, steady-state speed, and transient behavior—demonstrate good agreement with theoretical expectations. The result provides engineers and researchers with a robust framework for analyzing and designing control strategies for DC motors. This approach enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and safety of motor-driven systems, and is applicable to various electronic and electric technology domains such as robotics, automation, and precision actuation.

Stability Analysis of Electric Motor Control System on two types of motors: DC Moog BN12HS-13AF-01 and AC single-phase Simtach AC120M-11J30A motors based on electromechanical parameters

Davina Amani Fatihah — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The analysis of stability in electric motor control systems is essential in automation because of the fundamental second-order electromechanical dynamics resulting from the interplay between electrical parameters (such as resistance and inductance) and mechanical characteristics (like inertia and damping). This research examines the DC Moog BN12HS-13AF-01 and AC single-phase Simtach AC120M-11J30A motors, both represented by first-principle derivations that incorporate parameters derived from experiments. The DC motor model, established with armature resistance (R = 9.8 Ω), inductance (L = 0.34 mH), torque constant (Kₜ = 0.0031 Nm/A), and inertia (J = 3.9×10⁻⁸ kg·m²), produces a comprehensive second-order transfer function of the shape G(s) = Kₜ / [(Js + B)(Ls + R)], facilitating thorough transient analysis. For the AC motor, electromechanical characteristics were derived from partial datasheet data and literature, resulting in an approximate second-order model that represents nonlinear influences from the coupling of stator and auxiliary windings. Step-response simulations with unity feedback in MATLAB indicate that the DC motor shows a quick settling time (14 ms), minimal overshoot (3.8%), and insignificant steady-state error (0.4%), whereas the AC motor displays a slower response (87 ms settling), increased overshoot (10.2%), and steady-state error (2.1%). Frequency-domain evaluation through Bode and Nyquist plots verifies wider gain and phase margins for the DC system (14.5 dB, 47.8°) compared to the AC system (6.2 dB, 28.4°). Sensitivity analysis with a ±20% change in key parameters indicates that the DC model demonstrates greater robustness to variations in inertia and damping. The key contributions of this research are: (1) a cohesive modeling method for both motor types based on electromechanical principles; (2) detailed performance comparisons in both time and frequency domains; and (3) determination of essential parameters influencing closed-loop stability. These findings facilitate effective control design for resource-limited or real-time embedded systems and emphasize the comparative benefits of DC motors in precision applications over AC motors.

Analysis of Transient and Steady-State Response in First and Second-Order DC Motor Systems

Ary Pratama Paluga — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

DC motor is a fundamental component in various industrial applications due to its controllable dynamic response. However, accurate control of motor behavior, particularly its transient and steady-state response, requires detailed modeling and analysis. The main challenge lies in predicting the performance of first-order and second-order systems under different input conditions and control techniques.

This research aims to analyze and compare the transient response and steady-state characteristics of first and second-order DC motor models, focusing on performance indicators such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. Additionally, this study investigates the effects of PID controller tuning on improving the response of second-order systems.

The core contribution of this paper is a structured approach to modeling DC motors as simplified first and second-order systems based on physical parameters extracted from datasheets. Each system model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, both in open-loop and closed-loop conditions. For the second-order system, a PID controller is designed using Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules to optimize performance.

The analysis shows that the first-order system exhibits smoother but slower response, while the second-order model introduces oscillation but allows for faster regulation when controlled appropriately. Simulation results demonstrate that applying the PID controller reduces overshoot by 70% and shortens the settling time by over 50% compared to the uncontrolled system.

In conclusion, both models provide useful insights depending on system design needs. The inclusion of control strategy significantly enhances performance in second-order systems, making them suitable for real-time, dynamic industrial control applications. The findings encourage a system-level understanding of motor dynamics and the critical role of controller design in performance optimization.

Modeling and Simulation of Single Phase AC Motor Using First and Second Order Transfer Functions

Mohamad Sufyan Tegar Pratama — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Single phase AC motors are widely used in household and light industrial drive systems due to their simple structure and cost effectiveness. However, in the context of precision control, the mathematical modeling of single phase AC motors is often oversimplified, resulting in transfer functions that do not accurately reflect their true electromechanical characteristics. This study aims to develop and compare first and second order transfer functions of a 0.18 kW WEG W22 single phase AC motor to analyze model accuracy in representing system dynamics. The main contribution of this research is the formulation of transfer functions based on real technical parameters from the datasheet, followed by performance evaluation through MATLAB/Simulink simulation. The modeling process involves deriving the first order model from a linear mechanical system and the second order model from a comprehensive electromechanical approach. The simulation results indicate that the second order model provides a faster and more stable system response, offering better alignment with the actual behavior of the motor under dynamic conditions. In conclusion, the second order transfer function presents a more accurate dynamic representation of the single phase AC motor and is suitable as a foundation for precision control system design.

Parameter Identification and Transfer Function Modeling of DC FONEACC FABL3640-12-V1 Motor for Electrical Control System Applications

Fahrur Rozi — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents a detailed modeling study of the DC motor type FONEACC FABL3640-12-V1, focusing on parameter identification and transfer function development for simulation and control applications. Accurate motor models are crucial in control system design, enabling engineers to predict system behavior, optimize performance, and evaluate stability prior to implementation. The modeling process begins with the extraction of static and dynamic parameters from available datasheets and literature references. Key parameters, such as armature resistance, back-EMF constant, moment of inertia, and damping coefficient, are estimated using manufacturer data and standard electromechanical assumptions. Two mathematical models are developed: a first-order model for simplified applications and a second-order model that includes both electrical and mechanical dynamics. The transfer functions are derived analytically and then implemented in MATLAB/Simulink to simulate step responses. Model accuracy is evaluated by analyzing time-domain responses—specifically rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. The second-order model demonstrates higher fidelity in transient behavior, while the first-order model provides sufficient accuracy for low-complexity control tasks. Performance comparison under open-loop and closed-loop configurations further validates the model’s practical applicability. The results indicate that closed-loop control significantly improves response speed and accuracy, affirming the critical role of feedback in system performance. This study confirms that the developed models, particularly the second-order representation, can be reliably used for controller design, system identification, and further educational or industrial automation research. In addition to its academic value, the modeling framework presented in this paper offers a practical approach for students and practitioners seeking to apply DC motor models in embedded systems and control platforms.

Comparative Analysis of Open-Loop Response of the Brushless DC Motor DF45M024053-A2 Using First-Order and Second-Order Models

Edwardana Frans Try Paska Hutajulu — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the design and analysis of motor control systems, accurate modeling is essential to ensure effective implementation. One of the challenges lies in selecting the appropriate system order to balance simulation accuracy and computational efficiency. This study addresses the problem of dynamic behavior representation of the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor DF45M024053-A2 under open-loop conditions by comparing first-order and second-order transfer function models.The primary aim of this research is to investigate the effects of model order on the motor’s transient and steady-state performance and to provide a suitable mathematical basis for control development. The main contribution of this work lies in presenting a comparative analysis of two modeling approaches using a real-world BLDC motor and showing how simplified models can still yield meaningful results for initial design stages.The modeling method involves the derivation of electrical and mechanical equations based on Kirchhoff’s and Newton’s laws, followed by Laplace transformation to obtain the transfer functions. Motor parameters such as resistance (R = 8 Ω), inductance (L = 0.025 H), back-EMF constant (Ke = 0.408), damping coefficient (B = 0.0034 Nm·s/rad), and inertia (J = 0.005 kg·m²) were obtained from datasheet and empirical estimation.Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink showed that the first-order model achieved a rise time of 0.52 s and a steady-state error of 6.1%, whereas the second-order model improved accuracy with a reduced steady-state error of ≈1.5% and better transient response. However, the first-order model required less computational effort.In conclusion, both models can represent the motor’s behavior with acceptable accuracy, but the second-order model provides better fidelity for capturing inertia-related dynamics. These findings suggest the second-order model is more suitable for advanced control design, while the first-order model may suffice for early-stage analysis or embedded implementation. Overall, this work contributes to the selection of appropriate motor modeling strategies for control design and provides a foundation for further exploration into closed-loop control and intelligent algorithm integration.

Utilization of Laplace Transform in Mathematical Modeling of Brushless DC-Servomotors type 1226 012 B and Single-phase AC motors type CSR 90S

Ananda Ismul Azam — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The precise control of electric motors, particularly Brushless DC-Servomotors (BLDC) type 1226 012 B and AC single-phase motors type CSR 90S, is central to improving automation systems and industrial applications. However, the inherent complexity of these motors’ dynamic behaviors poses significant challenges to accurate mathematical modeling and subsequent control design. This study addresses the problem of developing robust and efficient mathematical models for these motor types, which are critical for system analysis, simulation, and controller development. The principal aim of this research is to utilize Laplace Transform techniques to derive and analyze mathematical models of BLDC and AC single-phase motors, focusing on the dynamic and transient responses under different operational conditions. By formulating the governing differential equations and employing the Laplace Transform, this work streamlines the transition from time-domain analysis to the more tractable frequency-domain approach. The main contribution of this research lies in the development of validated transfer function representations for both the Brushless DC-Servomotors 1226 012 B and the AC single phase Motor type CSR 90S, enabling precise prediction of system responses and performance indices such as rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. In addition, the results will show that the Laplace-based model accurately captures realistic motor behavior, as validated through experimental testing under step input and load disturbance scenarios. The developed model offers reliable prediction capabilities and serves as a solid foundation for advanced control and simulation. In conclusion, the application of Laplace Transform significantly improves the modeling and analysis process for both types of motors, paving the way for optimized control strategies in practical applications.

Parameter Identification and Block Diagram Reduction of DC054B-5 Motor in Electric Control System Application

Muhammad Ihsan P — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Key motor parameters such as armature resistance, inductance, torque constant, back-EMF constant, and moment of inertia are derived through a combination of datasheet specifications and analytical calculations. The integration of both electrical and mechanical models results in an electromechanical model that captures the essential behavior of the motor under various load and input conditions. To simplify the control system analysis, block diagram reduction techniques are employed, enabling the transformation of complex systems into manageable control structures.

The proposed models are validated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations in both open-loop and closed-loop scenarios. The time response characteristics—including rise time, steady-state speed, and transient behavior—demonstrate good agreement with theoretical expectations. The result provides engineers and researchers with a robust framework for analyzing and designing control strategies for DC motors. This approach enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and safety of motor-driven systems, and is applicable to various electronic and electric technology domains such as robotics, automation, and precision actuation.

Parameter Identification and Reduction of DC FESTO EMMS-AS-70-MK-LS-RRB Block Diagram in Electrical Control System Application

Alvian Dwi Prasetya — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

DC motors are one of the most commonly used actuator components in control systems, particularly in industrial automation, robotics, and precision electrical systems. Their ability to provide fast, linear speed and torque control makes them ideal for applications requiring real-time response. However, to design an accurate and stable control system, an understanding of the dynamic characteristics of DC motors is essential. Therefore, a mathematical approach is required through system modeling that physically reflects the relationship between the motor's input and output variables. This study aims to identify DC motor parameters based on the technical data of the FESTO EMMS-AS-70-MK-LS-RRB servo motor, and to build a mathematical model that includes the electrical and mechanical aspects of the system. Parameters such as armature resistance and inductance, torque constant, back electromotive force constant (Back EMF), moment of inertia, and damping coefficient are analyzed theoretically to be included in the differential model. This model is then transformed into the Laplace domain and arranged into a block diagram. Next, a block diagram reduction process is performed to simplify the system into first- and second-order transfer function forms, which represent the system dynamics in a concise yet informative manner. Simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink software to observe the system's response to step inputs and parameter variations. The results show that this approach not only helps in designing a more efficient and accurate control system but also contributes to the controller tuning process before actual implementation.

Second-Order PID Control of S-50-52 Rotary Servo Motor Based on the Ziegler-Nichols Method

Fikri Adrian Putra — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In various industrial and robotic applications, achieving high precision and stable control of DC servo motors is challenging due to parameter variations over time caused by aging and wear, which degrade performance. Existing controllers often suffer from high overshoot, long settling times, and inadequate steady-state accuracy. This study aims to develop and evaluate a second-order mathematical model and an optimized PID controller, tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols method, to improve the performance of an S-50-52 rotary DC servo motor in both open-loop and closed-loop configurations. The research presents a comprehensive comparison of proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI), and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers implemented on a second-order motor model, highlighting the advantages of PID control with Ziegler-Nichols tuning for precision motion control. The study begins with constructing a second-order dynamic model of the S-50-52 servo motor using its datasheet parameters. The PID parameters are tuned using both Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve and oscillation methods. The performance of P, PI, and PID controllers is evaluated via simulations in MATLAB/Simulink under open-loop and closed-loop conditions, analyzing key metrics like overshoot, rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. In the closed-loop system, the PID controller achieved an overshoot of 57.93%, undershoot of -2%, settling time of 2.33 ms, rise time of 6.73 µs, and steady-state output of 1.01 — demonstrating superior balance of speed, stability, and accuracy compared to P and PI controllers. The PID controller tuned by Ziegler-Nichols in a closed-loop system delivers optimal performance, combining fast response, lower overshoot, and high accuracy, making it the preferred choice for precision servo motor applications.